Self Perception Is Crippled From One s Image - 1197 Words

Studies show that some of the leading symptoms of depression are self-hatred and distortion of one’s image. In the United States alone, over six million men have depression each year. Usually media advertises the false images and standards of today’s society, which then leads to an alternation of one’s self-understanding. However, every once in a while a film breaks through with an accurate portrayal of the issues occurring in our nation. Through it’s authentic illustrations of modern-day culture and beliefs, Fight Club suggests that self-perception is crippled from one’s surrounding environment. To start off, the controversy behind stereotypical gender roles plays a large part in one’s character and self confidence. Men and women are thought to be very different from each other which proves that â€Å"culturally normative ideas of masculinity are sociologically constructed sets of rules that govern male behaviors, from authorizing male emot ions - tough emotions are okay; emotions of vulnerability are not - to authorizing male sex roles, the heterosexualization of desire, for instance†. This quote by Terry Lee perfectly explains the standards that men are expected to live up to due to popular belief. When Jack loses his apartment, he realizes he has nothing, not even a piece of furniture or material, to reassure him of his masculinity. This sends him into a downward spiral of self-misconception. One observes his reckless decision to fight instead of surrendering to emotions asShow MoreRelatedThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock1729 Words   |  7 Pagesand befriended fellow expatriate Ezra Pound, who was very impressed with the quality of Eliot’s work. 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Child labor occurs is places where there is poverty and lack of education facilities. In many countries parents need to pay for education which they cannot afford. While some children at times even work to payRead MoreSlaverys Destruction and the Scars That Create New Identities3231 Words   |  13 Pagestheir own particular baggage that they carry with them whether it is in the form of a symbol or memory that has forever changed who they are. In this instance they lose their identity and are forced to adapt new ones for better or for worse. The idea of slavery is most often a brutal one. Stories have been passed down for generations and documented historically showing and telling of the trials and tribulations a slave would have throughout his or her life. 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5 Reasons People Fail the Bar Exam

According to Law.com, nearly one-quarter of all those who took the bar exam—24.9 percent to be exact—failed the test in 2017, the latest year for which figures are available. But Karen Sloan, writing on the legal information website, notes that as many as 36 percent failed the exam in Mississippi, making it the state with the largest failure rate, and nearly 60 percent did not pass in Puerto Rico. There are five key reasons why so many test takers fail to pass the bar exam each year. Learning to avoid these pitfalls may help you pass this all-important test. They Tried to Learn Every Detail of the Law The bar exam requires minimum competency knowledge of the law. However, many test takers are overwhelmed at the amount of material they need to study. So they try to study as they did in law school, learning every nuance and every detail. This usually results in hours of listening to audio lectures and making flash cards or outlines but very little time actually reviewing the heavily tested areas of the law. Getting buried in the details can actually hurt your chances of passing the exam. You are required to know a little about a lot of the law, not a lot about a little. If you concentrate on the minutiae, you won’t know the heavily tested areas of the law on the exam and that may put you at risk of failing. They Failed to Practice and Seek Feedback Many students find they don’t have time to practice. This is a problem because practice is particularly important when studying for the bar exam. For example, California requires applicants to take a performance test as part of the bar exam, as do many other states. The State Bar of California notes that the performance test is designed to evaluate test takers: ...ability to handle a select number of legal authorities in the context of a factual problem involving a client. Yet students often scrimp on practicing for this difficult part of the exam, even though past performance tests are available for free online. Essays are also an integral part of bar exams in most states. So, its important to practice this part of the test, and its simple (and free) to access sample exam questions. The New York State Board of Law Examiners, for example, offers essay questions with sample candidate answers for free download from bar exams as recent as February 2018. If you are a bar exam candidate, it behooves you to access such free questions, familiarize yourself with the material, and practice writing essays or grappling with performance test scenarios. Once you practice, compare your answers to the sample answers, rewrite sections if necessary, and self-evaluate your work. Also, if your bar exam review program offers you feedback, turn in all possible assignments and be sure to get as much feedback as possible. You can even hire a bar exam tutor to help you with this. They Ignored the MBE Most bar tests include a Multistate Bar Examination, a standardized bar test created by the National Conference of Bar Examiners, which is administered to applicants taking the bar in nearly all states nationwide. Yet, as with sample performance tests and sample essay questions, its easy to obtain actual—and, again, free—MBE questions from past bar exams, says JD Advising, a bar exam tutoring and preparation firm. Ashley Heidemann writing on the JD Advising website says that its important to practice with real MBE questions because they are written in a very specific style. Though her firm does charge a fee for MBE questions, it also offers free tips on how to pass the MBE. The National Conference of Bar Examiners also offers free MBE questions from previous tests. Indeed, the nonprofit NCBE is a great resource for preparing for all aspects of the bar, regardless of the state where you plan to take the test. The group even offers a Comprehensive Guide to Bar Admission Requirements for $15 as of 2018. Its not free, but considering the importance of passing the bar, it would likely be well worth the money for any bar exam candidate—especially since the NCBE developed and distributes the MBE. They Did not Take Care of Themselves Students who take terrible care of themselves—thus, putting themselves at risk of sickness, added anxiety, burnout, and inability to focus—often have difficulty passing the exam. Sure, this isn’t a time to start a new diet and/or workout regimen, but you won’t do well on exam day if you are tired, bleary-eyed, stressed out, and hungry because you haven’t been taking good care of yourself or didn’t eat properly. The condition of your physical body is a major element of bar exam success, says Bar Exam Toolbox. They Engaged in Self-Sabotaging Behavior This kind of behavior can come in many different forms: You might agree to volunteer for a time-consuming summer program, and as a result, lack adequate time to study. You might spend too much time online or socializing with friends instead of spending quality hours studying. You could pick fights with your significant other leaving you too emotionally drained to study. Bar Exam Toolbox offers a host of tips for mentally preparing for the exam, including how to streamline your bar exam prep, choose a bar exam preparation course (if you decide to take that route), or assess whether you need help studying for the exam if you are taking it for the first time. Remember, you want to take this exam only once: Do everything you can to focus and stay on track with your bar exam preparation.

Weak Form Efficient Market Hypothesis For Emerging Markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3590 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Literature Review The issue of market efficiency in emerging markets is of great significance for both foreign investors and policy makers in emerging economies. This project devotes large efforts to produce a thorough and in-depth literature review for this area. This topic is to be investigated from these aspects: theoretical foundation, methodologies of tests and empirical results. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Weak Form Efficient Market Hypothesis For Emerging Markets" essay for you Create order Firstly, traditional efficient market hypothesis (Fama, 1970; Makiel, 1973) and behavior finance theories developed in recent decades (Barbris, 1998; Shleifer, 2000) have formed two main schools of thought for the issue of market efficiency. Secondly, the evolution for a series of methodologies is important for testing market efficiency. Thirdly, the empirical evidence is reviewed by consideration three major factors: trade volume and non-linear behavior, structural breaks and market evolution through time. Finally, it also reflects some important policy implications for emerging markets. Many empirical studies have been widely carried to investigate the weak-form efficient market hypothesis for emerging markets, and the results are mixed. Generally, most of emerging markets are found to be inefficient. But for some countries, such as Istanbul, Egypt and Jordan, after correcting for institutional characteristics and trading conditions, such as thin trading and the presence of non- linearity, equity markets are found to be efficient. When structure break factors are taken into account, market efficiency is powerfully rejected for countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Greece and India. There is also evidence showing that initially emerging markets are inefficient, but over time they are moving toward to be more efficient, such as in Estonian, Lithuanian and Russia duo to economic liberalization policies. These results reflect some important policy implications. Infrequent trading and illiquidity of capital markets negatively affects market efficiency, so economic policy makers should devote efforts to minimize the institutional restriction and barriers on capital flow in the financial markets and to impose strict disclosure requirements, so that investors can easily access to high quality and reliable information. Improving liquidity of capital markets can provide lower borrowing costs for investors and greater opportunities for investment diversification wit h lower systematic risks. In addition, equity market liberalization is important to help achieving market development. It can reduce cost of capital and increase capital productivity with better capital allocation. Introduction: Due to the increasing globalization of financial markets, fast economic growth and adoption of financial liberalization policies for equity markets in emerging economies, it is widely indicated that equity investment in emerging economies can provide superior returns. Past decades have witnessed spectacular growth in both size and relative importance of emerging equity markets. The market capitalization of emerging market economies accounts for twelve percent of world market capitalization and has more than doubled, growing from less than $2 trillion in 1995 to $5 trillion in 2006 (Nally, 2010). By 2015, it is estimated that the combined GDP of emerging-market economies will surpass that of the top 20 developed economies (ibid). In addition, emerging market returns are weakly correlated with returns in developed markets, so international diversification with these emerging equities can give lower portfolio risks (Levy Sarnat, 1970). The potential high rates of returns and diversif ication benefits has attracted large number of foreign fund investors, so the investigation on whether emerging markets function efficiently is significantly important. By knowing degree of market efficiency, economy policy makers and regulators can gain insights to develop right institutional and regulatory frameworks to allocate scare resources efficiently, form favourable investment condition and obtain further economic growth. Therefore, this essay is going to investigate the weak-form market efficiency in emerging markets. The efficient market hypothesis by Fama (1970), Random Walk module by Makiel (1973) and behaviour finance theories are directed related to this issue and form the theoretical foundations. Section 1 will critically give the theoretical review based on the two schools of thought that are EMH and behaviour finance theories. Section 2 will give a brief review of methodologies adopted in literature review. Section 3 will give empirical review of the weak-form E MH for emerging markets. Section 4 will indicate some brief policy implications for emerging economies and section 5 is the conclusion with some directions for further research. Theoretic Review of EMH VS Behaviour Finance Efficient Market Hypothesis Fama (1970) defines an efficient financial market as one in which security prices always instantaneously and fully reflect all available information. No investors can earn expected abnormal return by analysing past known information. Market efficiency is attained by two key forces: investor rationality and arbitrage activities (Fama, 1970). EMH assumes that investors are rational and can process information correctly and efficiently. Although some investors are irrational and may overact or underact to new information, these judgement errors are independent and random, hence can cancel out each other without affecting prices (Fama, 1998). Therefore, on average, the whole market is efficient. In addition, since numerous profit-maximizing investors are competing to analyse, value and trade securities based on all available information to exploit arbitrage opportunities, on aggregate level, security prices are adjusted quickly to reflect the effect of new information (Fama, 1998). Sec urity prices are driven close to intrinsic values. Expected returns implicit in the current price of a security should reflect its underlying risk, and higher returns are earned only as compensations for bearing higher risk. There are two main modules that explain EMH: fair-game model and random walk model (RWM). The fair-game model is expressed as: Zj,t+1 =rj,t+1-E(rj,t+1à ¯Ã‚ ½Ã…“à Ã‚ ¤t), E(Zj,t+1à ¯Ã‚ ½Ã…“à Ã‚ ¤t)=0 (Copeland, Weston Shastri, 2005). Information in à Ã‚ ¤t is fully utilized to determine equilibrium expected returns. On average, the expected return on an asset E(rj,t+1à ¯Ã‚ ½Ã…“à Ã‚ ¤t) equals its actual return (rj,t+1), so that no expected abnormal return can be gained from past information. RWM gives much stronger condition for EMH. It assumes that successive price changes have a same normal distribution and are independent. Its logic is that because new information is unpredictable and reaches market randomly, so under EMH, the resulting se curity price changes must be also unpredictable and random (Malkiel, 1973; Malkiel, 2003). No profit can be made from past information. There are three sub-hypotheses of EMH depending on the level of available information set (Fama, 1991). Firstly, market is weak-form efficient when prices reflect all security market information such as historical prices. Secondly, market is semistrong-form efficient when prices reflect all public information such as corporate news and financial statements. Thirdly, market is strong-form efficient when prices reflect all public and private information. Behaviour Finance Theories Figure1: Conceptual Framework of Behaviour Finance Source: Shleifer (2000) However, behaviour finance challenges EMH because it argues that psychological biases lead to investor irrationality and limits to arbitrage impede exploitation of mispricing opportunities (Shleifer, 2002). Psychological bias results into systematic overreaction or underreacion among investors. Many behaviour finance theories have been successfully developed to explain some market anomalies. Conservatism biases lead people adjust slowly to new information and hence the underreaction to new information leads to short-run momentum, while representativeness heuristic makes investors believe that past good stock performance will continue and people overreact to information (Barberis, Shleifer Vishny, 1998). Additionally, overconfidence causes investors to overestimate the precision of their own analyses and to neglect public signals (Daniel, Hirshleifer Subrahmanyam, 1998). Under positive (negative) priv ate signal (which is shown in following graph), informed investors overreact and security is overpriced (underpriced). When public information becomes available, biased self-attribution causes security to be even more overpriced (underpriced). Eventually, public information proves initial investment judgement is wrong, so price is driven back to intrinsic value (Daniel et al, 1998). It explains that overconfidence leads to short-run return momentum and price correction leads to long-run return reversal. Figure 2: Overconfidence and Self-attributed bias Source: Daniel, Hirshleifer Subrahmanyam (1998) Moreover, classification is a human natural instinct to process information (Barberis Shleifer, 2003). Investors naturally classify stocks by styles, so styles returns are highly positive correlated. There are two kinds of investors: style switchers and fundamental traders. Style switchers are unsophisticated investors and chase investment styles based on past relative stock p erformance. When there is good news about stock X (shown following graph), they will drain funds away from less attractive style Y. It will push up stock Xà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s price, even higher than its intrinsic value, but further reduce stock Yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s price. However, fundamental traders recognize stock Y is underpriced (Barberis et al, 2003). They arbitrage away mispricing opportunities and drive overpriced stocks back toward intrinsic value. Figure 3: Switchers and Fundamental Traders Source: Barberis Shleifer, (2003) On the other hand, limits to arbitrage may obstruct information to be impounded into prices, duo to the fundamental risk and implementation costs. Noise trader risk would prevent rational investors from arbitraging (Delong, Summer Waldmann, 1990). Pessimistic noise trader drive price below intrinsic value, arbitrageurs can buy the asset, but bear risk of further deviation from the intrinsic value when noise traders become even more pessimistic and price goes down even further (Delong et al, 1990). Arbitrageurs usually have short horizon and must liquidate before price recovers, so they will incur loss. The agency problems between professionals and investors also affect arbitrage (Shleifer Vishny, 1997), so not all mispricing would be arbitraged away to lead market become efficient. However, Fama (1998) argues that behaviour finance theories do well only on the anomalies they are specially designed to explain and cannot be generalized to the entire market. Rubinstein (2001) also argues that investor overconfidence would make market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hyper-rationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Methodologies Adopted to Test the Weak-form EMH Empirical researches on testing weak-form EMH can be divided into three broad categories. Firstly, they tests security return independence. If time-series pattern of security returns shows insignificant (significant) autocorrelations, then weak-form EMH holds (is rejected) (Copeland, Weston Shastri, 2005). Secondly, they test return momentum effect. If portfolio of stocks with higher returns in the short past continues to earn higher abnormal returns in the subsequent short term, then short-run past returns contain information that could predict future returns, so EMH will not hold (Copeland et al, 2005). Thirdly, they test technical trading rules. If no trading rules that consistently derive abnormal profits can be found, then weak-form EMH holds. A series of research methodologies have been developed to exam the EMH. The runs test is non-parametric, which is used to determine whether successive prices changes are independent. Unit root tests involve three different methods to test the null hypothesis of a unit root: the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test (1979), the Phillips-Peron (PP) test (1988) and the Kwiatkowski, Phillioh, Achmidt and Shin (KPSS) test (1992). Multiple variance ratio (MVR) tests are adopted to detect autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity in returns (Chow Denning, 1993). Empirical Results of Weak-form EMH for Emerging Markets The research results for testing weak-form efficiency on the emerging markets are mixed. World Bank study reports significant market inefficiency for 19 emerging equity markets (Claessens, Dasgupta Glen, 1995). Latin American emerging markets of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico are weak-form EMH (Urrutia, 1995), but under the variance ratio test, RWH is rejected (Ojah Karemera, 1999). Under ADF test, EMH is also generally supported for six Latin American stock markets (Choundhry, 1997). For the emerging markets in Asia, major Asian markets are weak-form inefficient, such as Korea and Taiwan (Cheung, Wong Ho, 1993), Singpore and Thiland (Huang, 1995), but some find it is efficient for Hong Kong, Singapore and Japan (Chan, Gup Pan, 1992). When the observed index levels are used, both RWH and EMH are rejected for three equity markets of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain after adjusting for infrequent trading , but when the corrected true indices are used, RWH is accepted (Abra ham et al, 2002). RWH is rejected in five Middle Eastern emerging markets, Jordan, Morocco, Egypt, Israel, and Turkey (Omran and Farrar, 2001). Weak-form efficiency is rejected for Saudi and Palestinian financial market and inefficiency might be due to delay in operations and high transaction cost, thinness of trading and illiquidity in the market (Nourredine Kababa, 1998; Award Daraghma, 2009). Many researches find that emerging markets are becoming more efficient due to the liberalization policies. Istanbul stock exchange was inefficient in the early times but it becomes more efficient as the country started liberalization and deregulation (Antonios, Ergul Holmes, 1997). 4.1 Thin Trading and Non-linearity It is argued that such mixed evidences of the weak-form EMH in emerging markets are only reliable if the methodologies adopted take accounts for the institutional characteristics and trading conditions of the markets, such as thin trading and the presence of non-linearity (Antoniou, Ergul Holmes, 1997). Ignoring these factors may lead to statistical illusions regarding efficiency. The conventional tests of efficiency based on linear model have been developed to test markets with high levels of liquidity, sophisticated investors with access to reliable information and few institutional impediments (Antoniou, Ergul Holmes, 1997). Therefore they are not suitable for testing EMH for emerging markets with characteristics of thin trading, low liquidity and less well informed investors with access to unreliable information. Thin trading will bring serious serial correlation (Fisher, 1996), so the observed dependence does not necessarily represent serial correlation among securities retu rns. In addition, prices responds to information in a non-linear behavior especially during the early development stages of emerging markets (Schatzberg Reiber, 1992), so if the return generating process is non-linear but a linear model is used to test efficiency, then EMH may be wrongly accepted. This is because non-linear systems such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chaoticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? ones look very similar to a random walk (Savit, 1988). However, the conventional tests cannot recognize this problem. There are several reasons for the existence of non-linear reaction of price to information in emerging markets. Transaction costs are high, information is relatively not reliable and market is illiquid or there are restrictions on trading (Stoll Whaley, 1990). As a result, investors do not always respond instantaneously to the information, which contradicts the assumptions of investor rationality and linear response of price. Scheinkman and LeBaron (1989) and Peters (1991) also empirically s upport the non-linearity of stock returns. A number of studies have researched the impact of thin trading (Fisher, 1966; Dimson, 1979; Cohen, 1978; Lo Mackinlay, 1990). Many empirical studies also have taken account of the non-linearity in price series and remove the impact of thin trading by the AR (1) model proposed by Miller (1994). Antoniou, Ergul and Holmes (1997) find that there is apparent predictability of stock returns for Istanbul stock market, but after considering the impact of thin trading, the random walk hypothesis is accepted and the market is informationally efficient for 1990 onwards. Abuzarour (2005) examines the effect of non-trading on market efficiency for three emerging Arabian equity markets: Jordan, Egypt and Palestine using the variance ratio test and the run test during the period of 1992 and 2004. Both random walk hypothesis and weak form efficiency are rejected when the observed index levels are used. However, when the indices are corrected by the Mi ller, Muthuswamy and Whaley methodologies (1994) to take account for thin trading, weak-form EMH is accepted for Egypt and Jordan stock market but it is still rejected for Palestine. All these empirical researches suggest that markets become more efficient when trading volume is high, information is much reliable and institutional frameworks are appropriate. 4.2 Structural Breaks Research on efficiency for emerging markets should not only take account for institutional characteristics and trading conditions, but also should take account for the structural breaks in the underlying series that arise from the liberalization. Ignoring structural breaks can lead to wrong inference that these indices are following random walks. Many emerging countries are liberalizing their financial markets with various degrees (IFC, 1997) and such structure changes would have affected their equity markets (Bekaert et al, 2002; Henry 2000). For instance, huge shocks occurred for equity index level for Greece, Malaysia and Philippines in late 1980s and early 1990s, which are around the same year of their market liberalization. As Perron (1989) have demonstrated that traditional standard tests for RWH in stock prices have low power against the alternative hypothesis in small samples, and the problem is especially serious when structural changes are involved. Thus failure to consid er these breaking points may wrongly support the RWH. Therefore, many empirical researches try to incorporate the structural breaks factor by more powerful test methods, such as the Zivot- Andrew sequential test (Zivot Andrew, 1992). Chaudhuri and Wu (2001) adopt both the standard ADF test and Zivot- Andrew sequential method to test the EMH in seventeen emerging markets: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Greece, India, Jordan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. Results for the ADF test without breaks to each series tend to show non-rejection of the RWH. However, results for the Zivot- Andrew test with structural breaks show that RWH can be powerfully rejected at the one percent significant level in ten markets: Argentina, Brazil, Greece, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Taiwan and Zimbabwe (Chaudhuri Wu, 2001). 4.3 Market Evolution Although structural breaks have been taken into account in many researches, it is argued that standard techniques are still not fit to test the weak-form EHM for emerging market, because they are not able to evaluate the evolving efficiency in emerging markets. It is also argued that methods such as a time varying parameter model and Kalman Filter technique not only can indicate the movement of stock returns from inefficiency to efficiency, but also can measure the timing of the movement towards full efficiency(Rockinger Urga, 2000; Zalewska-Mitura Hall, 1999). It is generally agreed that emerging markets are evolving from inefficiency to efficiency with the higher disclosure degree of firm practices, high trading volume and lower institutional barriers to trade (Cornelius, 1994). According to Laurence (1986), the methods of OLS or GMM test market efficiency over the whole period and hardly capture the tendency towards efficiency, so under these methods, early inefficiency would wrongly lead to the conclusion that there are profit opportunities based on the past asset price movement. In addition, the variance of the error process in the conventional test models is not constant over time, so if this changing variance structure is omitted and has a serial correlation property, then market efficiency would be incorrectly rejected (Hall Urga, G2002). Hall and Urga (2002) deal with these problems by using the Kalman Filter and combing the time varying parameter model with a standard GARCH-M model (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity in mean). They apply this procedure to the two indexes of Russian stock market from 1995 to 2000. And find that with regard to RTS index (Russian Trading System), the market is initially inefficient and it takes about two and a half years to become efficient, while for the ASPGEN Index (Skate Press Agency General), the market is still predictable. There is evidence of a tendency towards being efficient. Kved aras and Basdevant (2002) also investigate the market efficiency in the three Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by using the time-varying variance ratio statistic robust to heteroscedasticity based on time-varying autocorrelations. They find a clear trajectory to weak-form efficiency in the Estonian and Lithuanian capital markets. Its relatively small inefficiency can be explained by transaction costs and information acquiring costs (Grossman and Stiglitz, 1980). In the Latvian market, it is inefficient even at the very end of the analyzed period. Policy Implications These results have some important implications for developing effective institutional and regulatory frameworks. Since infrequent trading negatively affects market efficiency and liquidity in emerging markets, economic policy makers should pay attention to minimize the institutional restriction and barriers on capital flow in the financial markets, impose strict disclosure requirements and ensure that investors can easily access to high quality and reliable information. Improving liquidity of capital markets can provide lower borrowing costs for investors and greater opportunities for investment diversification with lower systematic risks. In addition, equity market liberalization is important to help achieving market development. It can reduce cost of capital and increase capital productivity with better capital allocation. Conclusion 6.1 Short Summary In conclusion, as two main schools of thought in modern financial theories, there is a hot debate between efficient market hypothesis and behaviour finance. EMH asserts that financial markets are informationally efficient and equity stock prices instantaneously and fully reflect all known information. While behaviour finance argues that psychological biases lead to investor irrationality and limits to arbitrage impede exploitation of mispricing opportunities, so market is not efficient. There are wide empirical researches on the issue of market efficiency in emerging markets with mixed results. It is generally found that most of emerging markets are still inefficient, but after correcting for institutional characteristics and trading conditions, such as thin trading and the presence of non-linearity, some researches find that equity markets are efficient for some countries such as for Istanbul, Egypt and Jordan. When structure break factors are taken into account, market efficiency is powerfully rejected for most emerging countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Greece and India. There are also some evidence shows that duo to economic liberalization policies, many emerging markets are moving towards more efficiency such as Estonian, Lithuanian and Russia. 6.2 Limitations of Empirical Researches and Proposed Further Research However, there are some limitations involved in these empirical researches. Some researches ignore whether the distribution is normal or not. Others using equally weighted indices may bias the results. The possible auto-correlation might be due to the noise traders but doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t imply return predictability (Cuthberston, 1996). Most of these studies focus on the test of time series of equity return to investigate EMH, but don not investigate the momentum effect or the profitability of technical trading to earn abnormal return. Therefore, further research can be extended in several dimensions. Firstly, it suggests trying to combine the tests of momentum effect or technical trading rules with the time series tests to make more robust conclusions. Secondly, since most of researches focus on traditional EMH, it can consider the factors of investor behaviour, such as psychologies bias and limits to arbitrage to do further in-depth testing of EMH. Finally, further researche s for more novel and accurate methodologies of testing EMH are significantly essential.

Air Products - International Business Management Process, the Concept Case Study

Essays on Air Products - International Business Management Process, the Concept of Strategic Alliance and How It Helps an Organization in Maximising Its Profits Case Study The paper â€Å"Air Products - International Business Management Process, the Concept of Strategic Alliance and How It Helps an Organization in Maximising Its Profits† is a  breathtaking example of a case study on management. The report provides an in-depth analysis of the Packaged Gases business of the company Air Products. Intensive research on the company was undertaken to understand the current standing of the organization and the environment within which it is operating while applying relevant theory to the data collected on the firm. The paper focuses on four key elements, first and foremost, analysis of the significant external and internal drivers for globalization or localization for this business is being undertaken. This was followed by an analysis of various international strategies that the company may undertake to enter into new regions or expanding its reach in the existing areas. Further, recommendations for the strategies are also developed, while focusing o n the major implications for functional strategies of the corporate strategy.In order to maintain its competitive position in the market, an organization needs to analyze its external and internal business environment on a regular basis. Such an analysis would help in measuring its goals against the current market dynamics and create a differentiator for itself in the marketplace. The external business environment is defined as the factors that are external to an organization wherein the company needs to compete and survive.The report focused on the concept of international business management and discussed the various aspects of undertaking a business venture abroad. It was found that in order to conduct businesses in the international markets, it is essential to formulate a comprehensive strategic management process and consider issues such as dealing with various governments, different currencies, various political and legal systems, diverse cultures, language barriers and differ ence in accounting systems.The report further discusses the various modes or channels through which Air Products may enter into the international market. Some of these channels include exporting, international licensing, international franchising, specialized modes of entry such as contract manufacturing and turnkey project and foreign direct investment. It was found that every process has its own advantages and disadvantages and the organization should adopt the mode that is the best fit for its business model.The paper also focused on the concept of strategic alliance and how it helps an organization in maximizing its resources and profits by sharing information, expertise, knowledge, and expenses with its alliance partner. It further elucidated on the major factors that firms engaged in international business need to take into consideration in communicating with overseas clients and partners which included understanding the cultural differences. The manager should also be able to address the issues of motivating staff and handling workplace diversity. The concept of strategic control is also discussed in the paper and recommendations were provided on how to address the issues arising from international strategic control.The report would discuss the concept of international business management and the various aspects of undertaking a business venture abroad. It would deal with the process of creating a comprehensive strategic management process and the components that are essential to be analyzed before formulating such a process.Communication with the partners and clients is an important component of the success of an international venture. Therefore, the paper would focus on the various elements of effectively communicating with the partners and clients. The concept of strategic control would also be discussed in the paper and recommendations would be provided to address the issues arising from international strategic control.

Cancer and Soy Protein Essay example - 1799 Words

Soy has been greatly exaggerated as the answer to all our problems for years. Soy, in and of itself, is toxic to the human body unless cooked thoroughly and properly. There are several side affects of soy consumption, but the one I will be discussing is cancer. The ‘miracle cure’ for cancer is said to be soy protein and isoflavone supplements. Cancer rates are at an all-time high, and the disease is the second leading cause of mortality in the United States. The idea that soy could save lives sounds amazing but, unfortunately, that is not the case. Lots of studies prove that soy protein (or isoflavones) is conflicting or unproductive, but only a few show that it might prevent cancer. Even some affirm that it can contribute to or†¦show more content†¦This puts consumers at a greater risk for many health problems, including cancer. The soy industry says that soy has a long list of evidence in the prevention and healing of gastrointestinal cancers. The fact that soy protein is linked with a lowered risk of stomach cancer but a higher risk of death from colorectal cancer was made known by the most remarkable study to come along in recent years. Little or no association is shown by most epidemiological studies. Those from the allium family like onions and garlic and yellow and green vegetables seem to be the most hopeful foods for cancer defense. Other foods have been found protective like eggplant, tomatoes, poultry, celery, tea, milk, fish, and snap beans. Soy is not the only dietary savior. The studies fail to sustain S olae Company’s petition for a health claim for soy protein, but give good support for the FDA’s endorsement of fruits and veggies as a way to prevent cancer. Foods that are pickled, smoked and fried, vegetable cooking oils, processed meats, high-salt dishes, and fermented beans mainly labeled soy miso are often associated with stomach and colon cancers. Things that have also been implicated are smoking, alcohol, noodles, bread and other starchy carbohydrates, ‘speed eating,’ and binge eating. It is not shocking that miso and other fermented soybean products are associated to gastrointestinal cancersShow MoreRelated Soy Protein: Can It Really Prevent Cancer? Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesSoy Protein: Can It Really Prevent Cancer? Society possesses a natural fear of the disease cancer. Even though this term is common, uncertainty surrounds its meaning. What exactly is cancer? A simple definition for a complicated disease is this: abnormal cell growth. Cancer can develop in just about any part of the body, and as abnormal cells grow, they crowd and destroy healthy tissue. This disease is not infectious, for if it were, a vaccination would have probably been developedRead MoreCase Study Of Soy Products Affecting Cancer1340 Words   |  6 PagesSoy Products Affecting Cancer In 2016, the United States estimated 1,685,210 new cancer cases will be diagnosed. Within those 1,685,210 about 595,690 of those people will die from the disease. (https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics). In 2014, the estimated number of women in the United State living with breast cancer was 3,327,552. And the number of deaths was 21.2 per 100,000 women per year. (https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html). As a possible solution to reduceRead MoreStrength Of Association1146 Words   |  5 PagesCriticism: The existence of weak association does not rule out causality and may still be of significant effect on the disease under study. This is applied in a case where the exposure is in a common population. For instance passive smoking and lung cancer (Risk Ratio: 1.3) (Morein Stuart, n.d). Consistency: Repeated observation of an association in a different population under different circumstances showing the same results suggests that the results of a single study are not due to chance. Criticism:Read MoreA Short Note On Soy Products Good Or Bad For Cancer?1100 Words   |  5 PagesAnton PeBenito 12/5/14 Bio 100 Section-09 Lynne Dowdy Soy Products Good or Bad for Cancer? Cancer is a disease that has been an ongoing controversy on what can help to prevent getting it. Cancer is when cells are dividing at an uncontrollable rate. Cancer is developed when cancer cells go into lymph nodes and also when they take over the blood vessels, lymph nodes are when there is swelling the the lymphatic system. With the cancer there is swelling which is called a tumor. Tumor is when thereRead MoreThe Effect Of Trans Fats On Heart Disease And Plaque Buildup1383 Words   |  6 PagesSoy has been hydrogenated, which reduces the amount of polyunsaturated fats and adds trans fats to your body. Trans fats are linked to heart disease and plaque buildup in arteries. Soy is linked to cancer by interfering with enzymes your body uses to fight cancer, chronic health problems such as obesity, asthma, autoimmune disease, cancer, and bone degeneration. It’s linked to diabetes by interfering with the insulin receptors in your cell membranes. It’s also connected to he art disease by cloggingRead MoreThe Connection between Diet and Cancer Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Connection between Diet and Cancer Cancer is a disease that can affect many different body parts. But no matter which body part is affected, cancer always involves cells that, due to various causes, go through genetic changes such that they start to proliferate wildly. In most forms of cancer the expanding masses of cells form tumors that eventually push against and invade neighboring tissue, disrupting body systems. In the course of time they may metastasize, travel via the blood or lymphRead MoreVegetarians Do Not Eat Meat, And Some People Go As A Vegetarian Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthat vegetarians typically consume less protein then omnivores do. Meats and sea food also contain high levels of iron. Iron deficiency can lead to increased risk of anemia which has symptoms including fatigue and weakness. In contrast, there are many people that argue that it is possible for vegetarians to get necessary nutrients from their diets. It it suggested that if a vegetarian can plan out their meals and also be aware of the needed intake of proteins and nutrients, they can get the adequateRead MoreAlcohol Consumption And Metabolic Syndrome1361 Words   |  6 PagesBoth alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for development of fatty liver diseases with similar pathology which ultimately can result in development of liver cancer.3, 4, 24-273, 4, 23-26 Using a two-stage mouse model in which tumor initiation by DEN was followed by a 35% high fat diet, we have previously reported increased tumor incidence, suggestive of a diet-related promotional effect.11 Consistent with these findings, in the current study, we observed increased adenomaRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Vegetarian Diet762 Words   |  4 Pageshealth benefits are attributed to vegetarian diet. Population s tudies have shown an inverse relation between vegetarian diet practices and incidence of cancer, cardiovascular disease and total mortality1. A number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated the low incidence of obesity, hypertension (high blood pressure) heart diseases, diabetes, cancer etc in vegetarians as compared to meat eaters. People who consume fish and other sea food also demonstrate some advantages of vegetarian diets. 2A 24%Read MoreA Letter On The s House Of Representatives1222 Words   |  5 PagesRepresentatives 1015 Quail Street Albany NY 12201 Dear House of Representatives, As a parent, I am very concern about the pasteurized soy milk given to our children at school. I am writing you this letter on behalf of many parents who do not have the courage to stand up and speak for the wellness of their children. I was not informed about the new rules adopted by the USDA to pasteurize Soy Milk. As a citizen of this country and as a parent of the school, I believe that parents should be aware about any change

Project Management Essay examples - 2230 Words

Project Management In todays business it is in the best interest of companies to have project managers. Common sense isnt always easily accomplished. Anyone whos ever worked on a project in a technical setting knows this. Indeed, much of working with others consists of solving unexpected problems and learning from mistakes along the way. Knowing this and having the proper tools a project manager will be able to manage and complete the most intense project out there. It seems that people time and again have the wrong impression of what a project manager does. It is not about being able to create a compound plan to hang on the wall. It is not about setting up conference after conference. This is about understanding a big†¦show more content†¦Using project management offers a business a way for dealing with considerably lowered phase times. With businesses operating internationally projects that can have an effect on the company as a whole are not easy to manage without a proper line of attack. For this, project management would help cross functional teams to be more successful. The conservative understanding is that the only person who can be of assistance with a dilemma is the individual who has knowledge in the exact product, development tool, or design that is being used. Despite the fact that this may possibly be accurate for some projects, its not automatically accurate for all projects. The person with the best mix of experience is the one that will need the least amount of time to come up to speed on what it is trying to be accomplished. Every person that is brought in to help will have some sort of a learning curve that will need to get past. Its just a matter of managing the learning curve so that it has the least impact on the overall time and costs for the project. To bring in a project manager there are many skills that this person will need. According to the website ProjectSmart, these skills are but not limited to: A project manager must have a range of skills including: Leadership, People management (customers, suppliers, managers and colleagues), Communication (verbalShow MoreRelatedProject Management : Projects Management902 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management Project Management. What does the words Project Management mean and what are the steps to managing a great project. If we break down the two words Project Management it is defined on dictionary.com as â€Å"The process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling the production of a system†. As shown in the website Project Insight there are multiple different steps in the project management roll such as project scope, life cycle, objectives, assumptions, constraintsRead MoreProject Management and Project Management It3115 Words   |  13 PagesExamination Paper: Project Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper Project Management Section A: Objective Type (30 marks) †¢ †¢ †¢ This section consists of multiple choices questions and short answer type questions. Answer all the questions. Part One questions carry 1 mark each and Part Two questions carry 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple choices: 1. During _________formal tools and techniques were developed to help and manage large complex projects. a. 1950s b. 1980sRead MoreProject Portfolio Management : Project Management1432 Words   |  6 PagesProject Portfolio Management (PPM) is the centralized management of the processes, methods, and technologies used by project managers and project management offices (PMOs) to analyze and collectively manage current or proposed projects based on numerous key characteristics. The objectives of PPM are to determine the optimal resource mix for delivery and to schedule activities to best achieve an organization’s operational and financial goals ― while honoring constraints imposed by customers, strategicRead MoreProject Management, Project Communication, And Project Stakeholder Management797 Words   |  4 Pagesareas of project management that stood out while taking this program. Project integrated management, project communication, and project stakeholder management. A discussion on how they are executed will be presented. As more courses were taken during this project management graduate program, many of the project management concepts became clear and revealed more of the interdependencies and intricate dynamics that are required for successful project management. Stakeholder Management Project StakeholderRead MoreProject Management : Project Integration Management1236 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Direct and Manage Project Execution is the process for executing the work defined in the project management plan to achieve the project s requirements/objectives defined in the project scope statement† (comp. PMBOK3, p. 78). The Project Manager helps with the execution of the planned activities, sometimes with the assistance of a project management team for larger projects. This occurs during the execution phase of the project. Figure: Phases of a project When we are completing the work assignedRead MoreProject Management Msc. 7Pjmn009W Project Management Project.1391 Words   |  6 Pages Project Management MSc 7PJMN009W Project Management Project Author: Maria Chico Garrido Date: 06 March 2017 Version: 1.1 Project type: Academic Preferred Supervisor: Proposed Title: How does the use of formal project management methodologies in complex Home Automation projects contribute to project success? Main Deliverables/Milestones: Deliverable Date Project Mandate 09 March 2017 Project Brief: In depth literature review of formal project management methodologies and project success. BackgroundRead MoreProject Management1510 Words   |  7 PagesSystem. You are the project manager on a project to construct a flyover in the city to ease traffic congestion. Flyover construction should cause minimum disruption to the traffic until it is complete. Ensuring safety of the commuters and workers at the site is the responsibility of your company. The date of completion of the project is six months from now. This date cannot be extended because of an upcoming international summit in the city. To achieve the overall project time lines, the followingRead MoreProject Management Project And Change Management1940 Words   |  8 Pages Paper on project management in smart voice project Sohail Kamdar Project and change management Table of contents Name of the topic Page No. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-5 View point of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Outlook of the project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Milestone inventory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-7 WBS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Plan of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-9 Cost savings plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreProject Management1713 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management The Project Manager has some tasks that have to be carried out, he/she is responsible for the full project. The Project Manager has to make the best use of all the resources so the project can be completed successfully. The project Manager sets the boundaries for the project, such as schedules and what is done and when it has to be completed. There are various tasks the project manager is responsible for such as: 1) Time and resource allocation and management 2) Setting upRead MoreProject Management1015 Words   |  5 Pagesor renewed interest in the field of project management? IT is growing at a rapid rate and with that growth demands people to manage this growth. People I think are more trained to be project managers and also there is new software that helps tremendously with the management part of the tasks. So demand is up, skilled workers are up, and the cost benefit is there for this renewed interest. 2. What is a project, and what are its main attributes? How is a project different from what most people do

Black Boy Essay Research Paper Growing up free essay sample

Black Boy Essay, Research Paper Turning up as a Negro in the South in the early 1900? s is non that easy, for some people tend to endure different signifiers of subjugation. In this instance, it happens in the autobiography called Black Boy written by Richard Wright. The novel is set in the early portion of the 1900? s, someplace in deep Jim Crow South. Richard Wright, who is evidently the chief character, is besides the supporter. The adversary is no one individual in peculiar, for it takes many different signifiers called # 8220 ; subjugation # 8221 ; in general. The chief character over comes this # 8220 ; subjugation # 8221 ; by arising against the common functions of the black, Jim Crow society. Richard Wright? s character was affected in early childhood by the effects of social subjugation, but he became a great American writer despite these negative factors in his life. Today everyone encounters some signifier of subjugation. One of the signifiers Richard is meeting is called social subjugation. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Boy Essay Research Paper Growing up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As an illustration, after Richard sees a # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; boy whipped by a # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; adult male, he asks his female parent why did the incident happen. His female parent says, # 8221 ; ? The # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; adult male did non flog the # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; boy? He beat the # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; male child, ? # 8220 ; ( 31 ) . This quotation mark is demoing racism, which is one manner of society maintaining Richard Wright, and all other inkinesss in the South down. Another illustration is when is at the rail route station with his female parent, and as they are waiting for the train, he sees something he has neer seen, # 8220 ; ? for the first clip I noticed that there were two lines of people at the ticket window, a # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; line and a # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; line, # 8221 ; ( 55 ) . This extract is showing how this scene of Jim Crow Torahs is maintaining a certain group of people apart, which is besides another signifier of social subjugation. Social subjugation occurs once more when Richard is # 8220 ; hanging # 8221 ; out with his friends, and their conversation with each other leads on to the topic of war. One of his friends truly acquire into the topic and says, # 8221 ; ? Yeah, they send you to war, make you cream them Germans, learn you how to contend and when you come back they scared of you, ? # 8220 ; ( 90 ) . This quotation mark means that the # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; people put the # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; people on the front line to support our state, and when they come back, they can non accept them, hence they oppress them in different ways, which is social subjugation. The last illustration happens when Richard wants to borrow a library card, and so he thinks about inquiring his foreman. After believing about it for a piece, he knew he could non inquire him, for he knows the foreman is a Caucasic Baptist, and Richard thinks that he would non be able to accept the fact of a # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; boy, such as Richard, would desire to read and cultivate his intelligence. This would be considered social subjugation, for he knows his foreman does non desire Richard to be enlightened with books, in bend maintaining Richard off from the visible radiation of cognition. These are illustrations of social subjugatio n that Richard Wright overcomes and rises to the top on his ain. Internalized subjugation is a difficult thing to get the better of. One of the ways Richard Wright is confronted with internalized subjugation is when he sees a # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; boy being beaten by a # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; adult male, so he automatically thinks that the # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; adult male is the boys male parent. # 8220 ; ? Did non all male parents, like my male parent, have the right to crush their kids? A paternal right was the lone right, to my apprehension? # 8221 ; ( 31 ) . This extract is demoing internalized subjugation, for he thinks it is okay for a parent to mistreat their kid, in bend holding the kid think that crushing a kid is all right, and merely a parent can make the whipping, which is wholly incorrect. Another instance of internalized subjugation occurs when Richard says a bad word, and so his Aunt Jody lectures him by stating, # 8221 ; ? Richard, you are a really bad, bad male child, ? # 8220 ; ( 108 ) . Later in the transition, he besides says that he does non auto vitamin E that he is a â€Å"bad boy.† That states that Richard believes that he is a bad individual, which means he is sing internalized subjugation. Later in the novel, after Richard read some books, he so wants to utilize the words he has learned as arms, but he could non, because by him utilizing the words it frightened him. This is internalized subjugation, for Richard thinks of the words as something sacred merely white people can utilize. If he did utilize the words, he feels as though he may acquire into problem. Later in the novel, Richard tries to place himself with a book, but he feels guilty when he does so. Therefore he acts in manner so the Whites will non dislike him. It is an internal subjugation, for he is maintaining himself down by non physically showing his feelings that he has received from the books he has read. All of the above, are illustrations of which later in the novel, Richard Wright conquers are of internalized subjugation. The manner Richard Wright overcomes this abstract subjugation is reflected upon his personality, which helps him go that great American writer. One of the illustrations to turn out this true, occurs when it was Richard? s foremost twenty-four hours of school. # 8220 ; During that noon hr I learned all the four-letter words depicting physiological sex maps, and discovered that I had know them before? A tall black male child recited a long, amusing piece of jingle, full with crud, depicting the physiological dealingss between work forces and adult females, and I memorized it word for word after holding heard it but one time, # 8220 ; ( 32 ) . This quotation mark is demoing how smart and quick-to-learn Richard is, which is a portion of his personality and ability to understand. Another illustration happens when his Uncle Tom is about to flog Richard, so he shows the razors to his uncle. In a low voice Richard says, # 8221 ; ? If you touch me, I? ll cut you! Possibly I? ll acquire cut excessively, but I? ll cut you, so assist me God, ? # 8220 ; ( 175 ) . This transition is uncovering that Richard is rebellious by standing up for himself and facing his uncle for something he did non make. Further on, when Richard is confronted with the fact that white people like Negroes who stole from them, than to cognize their ain true dignity. Richard is believing, # 8220 ; But I, who stole nil, who wanted to look them directly in the face, who wanted to speak and move like a adult male, divine fright in them, # 8221 ; ( 219 ) . This transition is showing how bold and courageous Richard is, for he wants to stand up for himself against a white adult male who looked down on him. Later in the novel, Richard is chew overing on what he should make in his life. He knows he can non remain in the South and volitionally be kicked as Shorty had done. He would instead decease, so do what Shorty has already submitted to. This is demoing how much strength and pride Richard has. These a re all illustrations of Richard Wright? s character, that has helped him go the great writer that he is. Social subjugation and internalized subjugation has affected Richard Wright in his early childhood old ages. The negative factors he has overcame throughout his life, has contributed to his rise as a great American writer. One of the many subjects, in the novel is if you follow what you feel is incorrect, so you may non be able to lift to the top. In # 8220 ; Black Boy, # 8221 ; Richard Wright did merely the opposite. Alternatively of subjecting, like everyone else, to the low life, Jim Crow Torahs were intended for, he has risen above those who already has submitted. Another cosmopolitan subject is that if you believe that you can accomplish in anything, most likely you will accomplish in many things in life. In the novel at first, Richard did non believe he can make anything to better his life. Once he started to believe he can make things on his ain, he moved out of the South to go that great American writer. These are the subjects in the fresh Black Boy, that can be used for mundane life, universally.